Further reading and references

Further reading 

Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Induction of labour, information for patients https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/patients/patient-leaflets/induction-of-labour---information-for-people-who-use-nhs-services/ 

NICE, Induction of Labour guideline  

National Childbirth Trust https://www.nct.org.uk/sites/default/files/related_documents/Newburn%20Induction%20of%20labour%20pp12-13.pdf 

Why Induction Matters by Rachel Reed (Book - 2018) 

MidwifeThinking.com - Rachel Reed  

Inducing labour, making informed decisions by Dr Sara Wickham (Book - 2018) 

In Your Own Time: How western medicine controls the start of labour and why this needs to stop by Dr Sara Wickham (Book - 2021) 

Your human rights during your birth 

Obstetric Cholestasis 

Appendix 

Risks associated with having a caesarean section include: 

• Higher than normal blood loss – haemorrhage
• Infection
• Injury to urinary system or bowel (1 in 1000)
• Developing a blood clot (4-16 in 10,000)
• Persistent wound or abdominal discomfort
• Readmission to hospital
• Minor cuts to baby’s skin
• Emergency hysterectomy (7-8 in every 1000)
• Need for further surgery (5 in 1000)
• Admission to Intensive Care Unit (9 in 1000)
• Increased risk of tear to the womb in future pregnancies (2-7 in 1000)
• Stillbirth in future pregnancies (1-4 in 1000)
• In future pregnancies the placenta covering the entrance to the womb (4-8 in 1000)
• Death (1 in 12,000)
• (Wye Valley Trust, consent form for Caesarean Section, 2021) 

References 

(a) Elaine M FinucaneDeirdre J MurphyLinda M BiestyGillian ML GyteAmanda M CotterEthel M RyanMichel BoulvainDeclan Devane (2020) Membrane sweeping for induction of labour: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858. CD000451.pub3/full 

(b) Michel Boulvain, Olivier Irion, Sylvie Marcoux, William Fraser (2005) Sweeping of the membranes to prevent post-term pregnancy and to induce labour: a systematic review: https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1999. tb08302.x 

(1) Induction of labour during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey of impact on practice in the UK (2021) Induction of labour during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey of impact on practice in the UK 

(2) Smyth R.M.D, Alldred S.K., Markham, C. Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labour’ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2013) Issue 1. Art. No: CD006167. DOI:10.1002./14651858. CD006167.pub3. 

(3) Caesarian section following induction of labour in uncomplicated first births: https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ s12884-016-0869-0 

(4) ‘Is induced labour in the nullipara associated with more maternal and perinatal morbidity?’ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46256726_Is_induced_labour_in_ the_nullipara_associated_with_more_maternal_and_perinatal_morbidity 

(5) ‘Active phase labor arrest: revisiting the 2-hour minimum’  

6) Characteristics associated with severe perineal and cervical lacerations during vaginal delivery https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21343766/ 

(7) Induction of labour and cerebral palsy 

(8) loss of myometrial oxytocin receptors during oxytocin induced and oxytocin augmented labour  

(9) beyond labor the role of natural and synthetic oxytocin in the transition to motherhood  

(10) association of peripartum synthetic oxytocin administration and depressive and anxiety disorders 

(11) Oxytocin infustion for primiparous women using epidural analgesia 

(12) Mechanical methods for induction of labour 

(13) Risk of stillbirth and infant death stratified by gestational age https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Citation/2012/11000/Risk_of_Stillbirth_and_ Infant_Death_Stratified_by.40.aspx 

(14) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23932061/ predicting date of birth and examining the best time to date a pregnancy 

(15) labour induction for late-term or post-term pregnancy https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26879103/ 

(16) length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23922246/ 

(17) evidence that fetal death is associated with placental aging 

(18) Aging of the placenta  

(19) Guidelines for the management of postterm pregnancy  

(20) induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term 

(21) Recurrence rate and outcome of post term pregnancy a national cohort study 

(22) The risk of stillbirth and infant death by each additional week of expectant management stratified by maternal age (2013) https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002- 9378(13)00534-6/fulltext 

(23) Induction of Labour at Term in Older Mothers (2013) https://www.rcog.org.uk/ globalassets/documents/guidelines/scientific-impact-papers/sip_34.pdf 

(24) Perinatal mortality associated with induction of labour versus expectant management in nulliparous women aged 35 years or over: An English national cohort study (2017) 

(25) Suspicion and treatment of the macrosomic fetus: A review (2005) https:// www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(04)02103-9/fulltext 

(26) prevention, management and outcomes of macrosomia a systematic review of literature and meta analysis (2013) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/25101904/ 

(27)NICE guidelines for Inducing labour. Inducing labour for suspected macrosomia. Evidence underpinning recommendations. https://www.nice.org.uk/ guidance/ng207/evidence/a-induction-of-labour-for-suspected-fetal-macrosomiapdf-9266825054 (2021) 

(28) Suspected macrosomia? Better not tell (2008) https://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s00404-008-0566-y 

(29) Term elective induction of labour and perinatal outcomes in obese women: retrospective cohort study (2016) 

(30) Counselling for fetal macrosomia an estimated fetal weight of 4000g is excessively low (2015)  

(31) WHO recommendations: Induction of labour at or beyond term (2018) https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/277233/9789241550413-eng. pdf?ua=1 

(32) Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period (2020) https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng3/chapter/ Recommendations#intrapartum-care (33) Reduced Fetal Movements (Green-top Guideline No. 57) (2011)  

(34) Planned early birth versus expectant management (waiting) for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (37 weeks or more) (2017) https://www. cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005302.pub3/full 

(35) The microbiome effect: hwo your baby’s birth affects their future health (2016) Pinter and Martin Ltd. 

36) IVF and stillbirth: a prospective follow-up study (2010) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/20179321/ 

(37) Risk of stillbirth in low-risk singleton term pregnancies following fertility treatment: a national cohort study (2016) 

(38) Obstetric Cholestasis (Green-top Guideline No. 43) (2011) https://www.rcog.org.uk/ en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg43/ 

(39) Association of severe intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy with adverse pregnancy outcomes: A prospective population-based case-control study (2013) https://aasldpubs. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hep.26617